Parkinson's Disease Research Dashboard
State of the Science
| Clinical Guidance: | |
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| FDA Approval: | |
| EU Approval: | |
| Overall Positive Results: | 94% |
| Positive Clinical Results: | 100% |
Studies by Country of Researcher
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Studies by Chemotype (THC:CBD Ratio)
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Synopsis of Cannabis Research for Parkinson's Disease
Over 40 studies (including a handful of clinical trials) have been published that directly examined endocannabinoid system-induced effects on patients with PD. The underlying pathology of PD typically involves complex clinical manifestations such oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and pain for example and as such any novel treatment strategies ought to be able address this complexity by simultaneously targeting multiple pathways and mechanisms in order to stop and/or slow down the neurodegenerative processes. Cannabinoids (primarily CBD but also THC, anandamide) acting on classical cannabinoid receptor sites (CB1 and CB2) and a variety of other cannabinoid sensitive receptor sites (e.g. TRPV1, PPAR, dopamine, glutamate, GABA) have demonstrated a considerable therapeutic impact by attenuating signs and symptoms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, pain, stress, tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, mood disorders (e.g. depression), and insomnia for example. Adverse effects such as changes in cognition, ataxia, motor skills, dysphoria, dependence are typically THC dose dependent and can be avoided by the utilization of a cannabis chemotype III (THCCBD) and lastly by a chemotype II (THC=CBD). Other cannabis common terpenes that have shown relevant therapeutic effects in primary trials include β-Caryophyllene, nerolidol, and perillyl alcohol (a precursor to limonene).Select New Condition
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51 PRIMARY STUDIES | 86 TOTAL STUDIES
Neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of endocannabinoid-like compounds, N-arachidonoyl dopamine and N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine in differentiated cultures of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients with Parkinson's disease
Neuroprotection with the cannabigerol quinone derivative VCE-003.2 and its analogs CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt in Parkinson's disease using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice
Recent Advances in the Potential of Cannabinoids for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases
β-Caryophyllene exerts protective antioxidant effects through the activation of NQO1 in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease
Cannabis in Parkinson's Disease: The Patients' View
From Cannabis sativa to Cannabidiol: Promising Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson's disease
Current Aspects of the Endocannabinoid System and Targeted THC and CBD Phytocannabinoids as Potential Therapeutics for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases: a Review
Biological bases for a possible effect of cannabidiol in Parkinson's disease
Cannabidiol exerts protective effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease activating AKT/mTOR pathway
Medical cannabis as an alternative therapeutics for Parkinsons' disease: Systematic review
Endocannabinoid Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective on Associated Therapeutic Interventions
Cannabidiol increases the nociceptive threshold in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease
Cannabidiol in Parkinson’s disease
Microglial Phenotypes and Their Relationship to the Cannabinoid System: Therapeutic Implications for Parkinson's Disease
Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ 9-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Targeting the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in a mouse model of l-dopa induced dyskinesia
Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a synthetic agonist of cannabinoid receptor, increases CB 1 R gene expression and reduces dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Expression of GPR55 and either cannabinoid CB 1 or CB 2 heteroreceptor complexes in the caudate, putamen, and accumbens nuclei of control, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic non-human primates
Melatonin and cannabinoids: mitochondrial-targeted molecules that may reduce inflammaging in neurodegenerative diseases
Pros and Cons of Marijuana in Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Cannabidiol and Cannabinoid Compounds as Potential Strategies for Treating Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia.
Evidence for the use of cannabinoids in Parkinson's disease
Marijuana for Parkinson’s Disease?
The therapeutic role of cannabinoid receptors and its agonists or antagonists in Parkinson's disease
Regional Changes in the Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Are Associated With Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Weeding through the haze: a survey on cannabis use among people living with Parkinson's disease in the US
β-Caryophyllene (BCP) ameliorates MPP+ induced cytotoxicity.
Evaluation of Phytomedicinal Potential of Perillyl Alcohol in an in Vitro Parkinson's Disease Model
Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Induced by MPTP.
Effect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Targeting the cannabinoid CB2 receptor to attenuate the progression of motor deficits in LRRK2-transgenic mice.
Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) Receptors Activation Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Associated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease.
Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition for the symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease.
Cannabinoid-dopamine interactions in the physiology and physiopathology of the basal ganglia.
Potential of the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor as a pharmacological target against inflammation in Parkinson's disease.
Protective Effect of Geraniol on the Transgenic Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease
Neuroprotective effect of nerolidol against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by rotenone
The neuroprotection of cannabidiol against MPP(+)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells involves trkA receptors, upregulation of axonal and synaptic proteins, neuritogenesis, and might be relevant to Parkinson's disease.
Promising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotection
Identification of CB₂ receptors in human nigral neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease.
Oleoylethanolamide reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia via TRPV1 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson´s disease.
Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease patients: a case series.
Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial.
Effects of cannabinoids Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiol in MPP+ affected murine mesencephalic cultures.
Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson's disease.
WIN55,212-2, a Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist, Protects Against Nigrostriatal Cell Loss in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease.
Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease
Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in basal ganglia disorders.
Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: Subjective improvement of motor symptoms.
Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study
35 RELATED STUDIES | 86 TOTAL STUDIES
Emerging potential of cannabidiol in reversing proteinopathies
Cannabidiol (CBD)
The pharmacological case for cannabigerol (CBG)
Phytocannabinoids in Neurological Diseases: Could They Restore a Physiological GABAergic Transmission?
A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential
Cannabinoids and Dementia: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Data
Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age
Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of pre-clinical and clinical findings
GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 as novel molecular targets: their biological functions and interaction with cannabidiol
A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Medical Cannabis for Psychiatric, Movement and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Cannabidiol as a Promising Strategy to Treat and Prevent Movement Disorders?
Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology
In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid
Medical Cannabis for Pediatric Moderate to Severe Complex Motor Disorders
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Signaling In Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Pathogenesis To A Promising Therapeutic Target
Neurological Aspects Of Medical Use Of Cannabidiol
GPR3 And GPR6, Novel Molecular Targets For Cannabidiol
Endocannabinoid System: A Multi-Facet Therapeutic Target.
Amyloid Proteotoxicity Initiates An Inflammatory Response Blocked By Cannabinoids
Endocannabionoid System In Neurological Disorders
Cannabinoids In Neurodegenerative Disorders And Stroke/Brain Trauma: From Preclinical Models To Clinical Applications
Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?
The Influence Of Cannabinoids On Generic Traits Of Neurodegeneration
Cannabidiol as an Emergent Therapeutic Strategy for Lessening the Impact of Inflammation on Oxidative Stress.
Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders.
Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Role in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Therapeutic Potential Of Non-Psychotropic Cannabidiol In Ischemic Stroke
Treatment of a hyperkinetic movement disorder during pregnancy with dronabinol.
Cannabidiol: a promising drug for neurodegenerative disorders?
Targeting the endocannabinoid system: to enhance or reduce?
In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes.
Cannabis In Movement Disorders
Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants.
Prolonged cataleptogenic effects of potentized homoeopathic drugs
Overview - Parkinson's Disease
Description of Parkinson's Disease
Western medicine considers Parkinson's disease a chronic degenerative brain/nervous system disorder. An estimated 50,000 new cases of Parkinson's arise in the U.S. every year. Scientists believe that this degenerative disease results from the loss of specific nerve cells that produce the chemical dopamine (a naturally occurring neurotransmitter). Orthodox medicine does not have a cure and treatment is mostly limited to pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. levodopa).Disease Classification
Condition: Parkinson's DiseaseDisease Family: Neurological Condition
Organ System: Nervous System
ICD-10 Chapter: Diseases of the Nervous System
ICD-10 Code: G20
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms:
Shaking extremities, blank expressions, loss of balance, stiffness, shuffling steps, difficulty swallowing, insomnia, emotional problemsAlso known as:
PD, Parkinsonism, Restrictive lung mechanics due to parkinsons disease, Dementia in parkinsons diseaseDrug Interactions
THC Interaction with Pharmaceutical Drugs
- THC can enhance the effects of drugs that cause sedation and depress the central nervous system, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol, for example.
- THC is metabolized by and an inhibitor of a number of enzymatic liver pathways referred to as cytochrome P450. There are more than 50 enzymes belonging to this enzyme family, a number of which are responsible for the breakdown of common drugs such as antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline, doxepine, fluvoxamine), antipsychotics (haloperidol, clozapine, stelazine), or beta-blockers (propranolol, theophylline, warfarin). Thus patients taking these classes of medication may find that THC increases the concentration and effects of these drugs as well as the duration of their effects.
- Clinical observation suggests no likely interactions with other pharmaceuticals at a total daily dose of up to 20mg THC.
CBD Interaction with Pharmaceutical Drugs
- CBD may alter action on metabolic enzymes (certain drug-transport mechanisms), and as such may alter interactions with other drugs, some of which may produce therapeutic or adverse effects. For instance, CBD interacts with the enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 and cytochrome P450 2C19, increasing the bioavailability of anti-epileptic drugs such as clobazam (a benzodiazepine). This makes it possible to achieve the same results at significantly lower dosages, reducing treatment costs and risks of adverse effects.
- Groups of drugs affected include: anti-epileptic drugs, psychiatric drugs, and drugs affecting metabolic enzymes, for example.
- Clinical observations suggest no likely interactions with other pharmaceuticals at a total daily dose of up to 100mg CBD
Dosing Considerations
THC Dosage Considerations
- THC micro dose: 0.1 mg to 0.4 mg (0.001mg/kg to 0.005mg/kg)
- THC low dose: 0.5 mg to 5 mg (0.006mg/kg to 0.06mg/kg)
- THC medium dose: 6 mg to 20 mg (0.08mg/kg to 0.27mg/kg)
- THC high dose: 21 mg to 50+ mg (0.28mg/kg to 0.67mg/kg)
(sample conversion calculated on a person weighing 75kg)
CBD Dosage Considerations
- CBD low dose: 0.4 mg to 19 mg (0.005mg/kg to 0.25mg/kg)
- CBD medium dose: 20 mg to 99 mg (0.26mg/kg to 1.32mg/kg)
- CBD high dose: 100 mg to 800+ mg (1.33mg/kg to 10.7mg/kg)
- (upper limits tested ~1,500mg)
(sample conversion calculated on a person weighing 75kg)
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Information on this site is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over-the-counter medication is also available. Consult your physician, nutritionally oriented health care practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications.