Urinary System Research Dashboard
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Synopsis of Cannabis Research for the Urinary System
Endocannabinoid cannabinoid receptor types (CB1, CB2) have been discovered in the kidneys and the lower urinary tract cells of mammals (i.e. monkeys and humans) and it is generally agreed upon that in healthy individuals the ECS plays a significant role in producing kidney homeostasis. To date, the specific mechanisms by which CB1 or CB2 receptors are involved in the pathology of acute kidney injuries (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is subject to ongoing investigation and research has produced interesting results. For instance, while a number of case studies have shown that the usage of synthetic cannabinoids (those commonly found in potent street drugs such as 'spice' or 'K2') have caused AKI in a number of users. Which stands in direct contrast to using plant-based cannabis with no known cases of AKI. In cases of CKD an observational study conducted on 1,225 kidney transplant recipients showed that cannabis use did not increased the risk of death or produced declining kidney function. And, beta-caryophyllene a CB2 activating terpene has shown to be powerful agent in preventing cisplatin-induced (chemotherapeutic agent) kidney toxicity.Page Quick Links
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101 PRIMARY STUDIES
Systemic Changes in Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-like Molecules in Response to Partial Nephrectomy-Induced Ischemia in Humans
Association between cannabis use with urological cancers: A population-based cohort study and a mendelian randomization study in the UK biobank
Anti-cancer properties of cannflavin A and potential synergistic effects with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and cannabinoids in bladder cancer
The association of bladder cancer and Cannabis: A systematic review
The perceptions and beliefs of cannabis use among Canadian genitourinary cancer patients
Protective antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of β-caryophyllene against sulfasalazine-induced nephrotoxicity in rat
The Ameliorate Effects of Nerolidol on Thioacetamide-induced Oxidative Damage in Heart and Kidney Tissue
Clinical Utility of a Biomarker to Detect Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury during Percutaneous Cardiovascular Proceduresv
Anti-inflammatory effects of lavender and eucalyptus essential oils on the in vitro cell culture model of bladder pain syndrome using T24 cells
Peripheral Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Cystitis Severity
Endocannabinoid System in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Acute and long-term effects of cannabinoids on hypertension and kidney injury
The Nutraceutical Antihypertensive Action of C-Phycocyanin in Chronic Kidney Disease Is Related to the Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction
Opposite physiological and pathological mTORC1-mediated roles of the CB1 receptor in regulating renal tubular function
Cannabinoids for Symptom Management in Patients with Kidney Failure: A Narrative Review
Cannabis-Derived Compounds Cannabichromene and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Interact and Exhibit Cytotoxic Activity against Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Correlated with Inhibition of Cell Migration and Cytoskeleton Organization
Use of cannabis in urological cancer patients: A review to evaluate risk for cancer development, therapeutic use, and symptom management
β-Caryophyllene induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation by deregulation of STAT-3/mTOR/AKT signaling in human bladder cancer cells: An in vitro study
Components of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System as Potential Biomarkers for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist selectively inhibits the mechanosensitivity of mucosal afferents in the guinea pig bladder
(+)-trans-Cannabidiol-2-hydroxy pentyl is a dual CB 1 R antagonist/CB 2 R agonist that prevents diabetic nephropathy in mice
A New Clinical Utility for Tubular Markers to Identify Kidney Responders to Saxagliptin Treatment in Adults With Diabetic Nephropathy
Effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibition on Biomarkers of Kidney Injury and Vascular Calcification in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nephrologist Views Regarding Cannabinoid Use in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis: A Survey
Geraniol protects against cyclosporine A-induced renal injury in rats: Role of Wnt/β-catenin and PPARγ signaling pathways
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Inhibition in Chronic Kidney Disease: A New Therapeutic Toolbox
β-Caryophyllene may attenuate hyperoxaluria-induced kidney dysfunction in rats by regulating stress marker KIM-1/MCP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathway
Phycocyanobilin is the molecule responsible for the nephroprotective action of phycocyanin in acute kidney injury caused by mercury
Gut barrier and microbiota changes with glycine and branched-chain amino acid supplementation in chronic haemodialysis patients
[Droghe d'abuso e rene] Drugs of Abuse and the Kidney
Dual inhibition of cannabinoid CB 1 receptor and inducible NOS attenuates obesity-induced chronic kidney disease
Effects of exercise on residual renal function in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial
A Phase I, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Single-Dose Trial of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Subjects with Mild to Severe Renal Impairment
Systematic review of the potential role of cannabinoids as antiproliferative agents for urological cancers
Cannabis Impacts Tumor Response Rate to Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Malignancies
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition Normalises Bladder Function and Reduces Pain Through Normalising the Anandamide/Palmitoylethanolamine Ratio in the Inflamed Bladder of Rats
Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition as potential treatment for interstitial cystitis
Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide-Polydatin Reduces the Painful Symptomatology in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
The effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on Krüppel-like factor-4 expression, redox homeostasis, and inflammation in the kidney of diabetic rat
A Review of Cannabis in Chronic Kidney Disease Symptom Management
The Association Between Tetrahydrocannabinol and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Utilizing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Involvement of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor in cell growth inhibition and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212–2 in renal cell carcinoma.
Potential of Endocannabinoids to Control Bladder Pain.
Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain.
Chronic Pain Treatment With Cannabidiol in Kidney Transplant Patients in Uruguay
Impact of cannabidiol treatment on regulatory T-17 cells and neutrophil polarization in acute kidney injury
Bladder Cancer Cell Growth and Motility Implicate Cannabinoid 2 Receptor-Mediated Modifications of Sphingolipids Metabolism
Dual therapy targeting the endocannabinoid system prevents experimental diabetic nephropathy.
Obesity-Related CKD: When Kidneys Get the Munchies
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor Treatment in Men With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: An Adaptive Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
The efficacy of an association of palmitoylethanolamide and alpha-lipoic acid in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized clinical trial
The Therapeutic Aspects of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) for Cancer and their Development: From Nature to Laboratory.
Effects of Tangshen Formula on urinary and plasma liver-type fatty acid binding protein levels in patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease: post-hoc findings from a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the efficacy and safety of Tangshen Formula in patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease
Impact of teneligliptin on oxidative stress and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: a case-control study
Association between Plasma Endocannabinoids and Appetite in Hemodialysis Patients: a Pilot Study.
The endocannabinoid system - a target for the treatment of LUTS?
New therapeutic strategies for the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms
Effects of cannabinoid receptor activation by CP55,940 on normal bladder function and irritation-induced bladder overactivity in non-awake anaesthetised rats
Association Between Cannabis Use And The Risk Of Bladder Cancer: Results From The California Men's Health
Regulation of inflammation and proliferation of human bladder carcinoma cells by type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors
The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis and treatment of kidney diseases.
Renoprotective effects of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease: a parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial
Emerging Therapeutic Targets of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.
Urine Biomarkers and Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury: The Impact of Preoperative Estimated GFR
Combination of biomarkers for diagnosis of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass
Evaluation of selective cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor agonists in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced interstitial cystitis
Acute kidney injury after using contrast during cardiac catheterization in children with heart disease
Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System in Lower Urinary Tract Function and Dysfunction
TRP channels in lower urinary tract dysfunction
The Effect of Terpene Combination on Ureter Calculus Expulsion After Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
β-caryophyllene ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a cannabinoid 2 receptor-dependent manner.
Remote ischemic pre-conditioning alleviates contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease
Terpene compound drug as medical expulsive therapy for ureterolithiasis: a meta-analysis
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Blockade Ameliorates Albuminuria in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy.
Additive renoprotective effects of aliskiren on angiotensin receptor blocker and calcium channel blocker treatments for type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria
L/N-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine reduces plasma aldosterone, albuminuria, and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with chronic kidney disease
Combination of two urinary biomarkers predicts acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery
Effects of lipid-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin on kidney function and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Is There a Legitimate Role for the Therapeutic Use of Cannabinoids for Symptom Management in Chronic Kidney Disease?
Renovascular protective effects of erythropoietin in patients with chronic kidney disease
Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET)
Biomarkers for early detection of sickle nephropathy
Addition of aliskiren to olmesartan ameliorates tubular injury in chronic kidney disease patients partly by reducing proteinuria
Cannabinoids: Potential Targets for Bladder Dysfunction
Inhibitory effect of standardized cannabis sativa extract and its ingredient cannabidiol on rat and human bladder contractility
Evaluation of the efficiency of tamsulosin and Rowatinex in patients with distal ureteral stones: a prospective, randomized, controlled study
Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Is Downregulated In Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cannabinoid-2 receptor limits inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death in nephropathy.
CB1 cannabinoid receptors promote oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and cell death in a murine nephropathy model
Increased cannabinoid receptor 1-immunoreactive nerve fibers in overactive and painful bladder disorders and their correlation with symptoms
Cannabidiol Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Decreasing Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death.
Up-regulation of TRPV1 in mononuclear cells of end-stage kidney disease patients increases susceptibility to N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA)-induced cell death
Effect of Rowatinex on calculus clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Antiproliferative effects of essential oils and their major constituents in human renal adenocarcinoma and amelanotic melanoma cells.
The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS).
Cannabis sativa and dystonia secondary to Wilson's disease.
An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis
A Case of Cannabinoid Rotation in a Young Woman With Chronic Cystitis.
A Preliminary Controlled Study To Determine Whether Whole-plant Cannabis Extracts Can Improve Intractable Neurogenic Symptoms
Rowatinex for the treatment of ureterolithiasis
The value of Rowatinex in the treatment of ureterolithiasis
Overview - Urinary System
Description of Urinary System
The urinary system starts anatomically with the kidneys which functions to eliminate waste (e.g. urea, ammonia, excess minerals) and to balance essential and needed compounds (e.g. metabolites, electrolytes, hormones) on a moment to moment basis. Excess materials or waste travels down the ureter into the bladder where it is collected until such time we choose to urinate when urine is voided through the urethra.Urinary System and ECS-Based Interactions
Endocannabinoid cannabinoid receptor types (CB1, CB2) have been discovered in the kidneys and the lower urinary tract cells of mammals (i.e. monkeys and humans) and it is generally agreed upon that in healthy individuals the ECS plays a significant role in producing kidney homeostasis. To date, the specific mechanisms by which CB1 or CB2 receptors are involved in the pathology of acute kidney injuries (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is subject to ongoing investigation and research has produced interesting results. For instance, while a number of case studies have shown that the usage of synthetic cannabinoids (those commonly found in potent street drugs such as 'spice' or 'K2') have caused AKI in a number of users. Which stands in direct contrast to using plant-based cannabis with no known cases of AKI. In cases of CKD an observational study conducted on 1,225 kidney transplant recipients showed that cannabis use did not increased the risk of death or produced declining kidney function. And, beta-caryophyllene a CB2 activating terpene has shown to be powerful agent in preventing cisplatin-induced (chemotherapeutic agent) kidney toxicity.Urinary System Medical Specialists
Urologist, NephrologistAlso Known As:
Renal SystemDrug Interactions
THC Interaction with Pharmaceutical Drugs
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can enhance the effects of drugs that cause sedation and depress the central nervous system, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.
- THC is metabolized by an inhibitor of several enzymatic liver pathways referred to as cytochrome P450 (aka CYP450). There are more than 50 enzymes belonging to this enzyme family, several of which are responsible for the breakdown of common drugs such as antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, doxepin, fluvoxamine), antipsychotics (haloperidol, clozapine, Stelazine), beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol), bronchodilators (e.g., theophylline), or blood thinners (e.g., warfarin). Thus, patients taking these medication classes may find that THC increases the concentration and effects of these drugs and the impact duration.
- Clinical observation (not yet confirmed by clinical trials) suggests no likely interactions with other pharmaceuticals at a total daily dose of up to 20mg THC.
If you are interested in the interaction potential of specific pharmaceuticals with THC, consider visiting these free drug interaction checkers: Drugs.com or DrugBank Online.
CBD Interaction with Pharmaceutical Drugs
- Cannabidiol (CBD) may alter the action of metabolic enzymes (specific drug-transport mechanisms) and alter interactions with other drugs, some of which may produce therapeutic or adverse effects. For instance, CBD interacts with the enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 and cytochrome P450 2C19, increasing the bioavailability of anti-epileptic drugs such as clobazam (a benzodiazepine). This makes it possible to achieve the same results at significantly lower dosages, reducing treatment costs and risks of adverse effects.
- Groups of drugs affected include anti-epileptics, psychiatric drugs, and drugs affecting metabolic enzymes.
- Clinical observations (not yet confirmed by clinical trials) suggest no likely interactions with other pharmaceuticals at a total daily dose of up to 100mg CBD.
If you are interested in the interaction potential of specific pharmaceuticals with CBD, consider visiting these free drug interaction checkers: Drugs.com or DrugBank Online.
THC/CBD Interaction with Pharmaceutical Drugs
In general, when using cannabinoid-based therapeutics that contain both THC and CBD consider the ratio between them and weigh the relevant information displayed in the individual THC and CBD Drug Interaction windows accordingly.
If you are interested in the interaction potential of specific pharmaceuticals with both primary cannabinoids and THC/CBD, consider visiting these free drug interaction checkers: Drugs.com or DrugBank Online.
Concerns about Cannabis and Cancer-related Immunotherapies:
Some recent clinical observational studies have suggested that the co-administration of cannabinoid-based therapeutics and immunotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of certain types of cancer has been associated with worse overall survival rates (T. Taha et al., 2019; A. Biedny et al., 2020; G. Bar-Sela et al., 2020).
However, other studies have suggested that the co-commitment use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and cannabis-induced no such deleterious effects. More specifically, one trial was conducted on animals resulting in data suggesting that cannabis did not negatively affect the properties of immune checkpoint inhibitors (B. Waissengrin et al., 2023). The same authors compared the previous study results with findings from a cohort of 201 patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who received treatment with monotherapy pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment and adjunct cannabis to treat mainly pain and loss of appetite. Their time to tumor progression was 6.1 versus 5.6 months, and overall survival differed between 54.9 versus 23.6 months in cannabis-naïve patients and cannabis-using patients, respectively. However, while numerically different, the authors write that these differences were not statistically significant, leading them to suggest that “These data provide reassurance regarding the absence of a deleterious effect of cannabis in this clinical setting.”
Dosing Considerations
THC Dosage Considerations
- THC micro dose: 0.1 mg to 0.4 mg
- THC low dose: 0.5 mg to 5 mg
- THC medium dose: 6 mg to 20 mg
- THC high dose: 21 mg to 50+ mg
CBD Dosage Considerations
- CBD low dose: 0.4 mg to 19 mg
- CBD medium dose: 20 mg to 99 mg
- CBD high dose: 100 mg to 800+ mg (upper limits tested ~1,500mg)
Disclaimer
Information on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own licensed physician or other medical professional. You
should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease. If using a product, you should read carefully all product packaging. If you have or suspect that you have a
medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider.
Information on this site is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over-the-counter medication is also available. Consult your physician, nutritionally oriented health care practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications.
